Art
The Golden Ratio has been used by many artists throughout history. It was called "The Divine Proportion" by many artists during the Renaissance, including DaVinci. He illustrated Luca Pacioli's Divina Proportione in 1509, an entire book on the Golden Ratio and art. Many believe that the Mona Lisa and the Vitruvian Man may include the Golden Ratio. It is also proven to be included, wittingly or not, in The Last Supper. Greek sculptor Phidias also used it in many of his sculptures, and there is evidence of it in Rembrandt's self-portrait (Golden Triangle), Michelangelo's Holy Family, and Raphael's Crucification (pentagrams).
There is also significant evidence to suggest that Marcel Duchamp, Piet Mondrian, and Seurat were influenced by the Golden Ratio, although it is controversial as to whether they used it. Mondrian wrote about the ratio is a magazine called "DeStijl", which had great influence on painters and other artists. His piece Broadway Boogie shows some evidence it may contain the ratio as well.
In the early 1800's Father Didier of the Benedictine monastery made "the holy measure" the official artistic belief of the monastery, located in Beuron. Also, French artist Seurier taught the Golden Ratio to students as early as 1908. The Greek letter Φ can also be found signed next to artists' names in some paintings.
Artists who used Phi:
Italian Mario Merz
Russian Cubist Maria Vorobeva (Marevna)
Italian Gino Severini
Paul Serusier
Juan Gris
Jacques Lipchitz
Dutch Jan Verkade
Possibly Picasso and Rivera
There is also significant evidence to suggest that Marcel Duchamp, Piet Mondrian, and Seurat were influenced by the Golden Ratio, although it is controversial as to whether they used it. Mondrian wrote about the ratio is a magazine called "DeStijl", which had great influence on painters and other artists. His piece Broadway Boogie shows some evidence it may contain the ratio as well.
In the early 1800's Father Didier of the Benedictine monastery made "the holy measure" the official artistic belief of the monastery, located in Beuron. Also, French artist Seurier taught the Golden Ratio to students as early as 1908. The Greek letter Φ can also be found signed next to artists' names in some paintings.
Artists who used Phi:
Italian Mario Merz
Russian Cubist Maria Vorobeva (Marevna)
Italian Gino Severini
Paul Serusier
Juan Gris
Jacques Lipchitz
Dutch Jan Verkade
Possibly Picasso and Rivera